OKAP Rapid Review

Fundamentals 18 – Digital Ophthalmology

Electronic health records, digital standards, big data, teleophthalmology, and artificial intelligence, including machine learning and bias.

Fundamentals 17 – Principles of Radiology for the Comprehensive Ophthalmologist

Principles, indications, and limitations of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ophthalmic ultrasonography.

Fundamentals 16 – Ocular Pharmacotherapeutics

Mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of ophthalmic medications, including glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobials, anesthetics, and surgical adjuvants.

Fundamentals 15 – Pharmacologic Principles

Principles of ocular pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug delivery, toxicity, and genetic influences on medication response.

Fundamentals 14 – Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants

Mechanisms of oxidative damage, ocular antioxidant defenses, and the role of oxidative stress in lens and retinal disease.

Fundamentals 13 – Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Structure and biochemical composition of the retinal pigment epithelium, with emphasis on vitamin A regeneration and its major physiologic functions.

Fundamentals 12 – Retina

Retinal metabolism, rod and cone phototransduction, the visual cycle, color vision, retinal cell function, and electrophysiology.

Fundamentals 11 – Vitreous

Vitreous composition and physiology, age-related liquefaction, posterior vitreous detachment, and changes associated with disease and vitrectomy.

Fundamentals 10 – Lens

Lens structure, biochemical composition, transparency, and metabolism, including mechanisms of sugar cataract formation.

Fundamentals 09 – Aqueous Humor, Iris, and Ciliary Body

Physiology of the iris and ciliary body, aqueous humor formation and composition, and the blood–aqueous barrier.

Fundamentals 08 – Cornea

Biochemistry and physiology of the corneal layers, including epithelial barrier function, stromal composition, and endothelial function.

Fundamentals 07 – Tear Film

Composition, secretion, and function of the tear film, including lipid and mucoaqueous components and mechanisms of tear dysfunction.

Fundamentals 06 – Clinical Genetics

Patterns of inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial disease, genetic counseling, and testing for inherited eye disease.

Fundamentals 05 – Molecular Genetics

Fundamental principles of gene structure, expression, inheritance, pathogenic variation, and molecular genetic testing.

Fundamentals 04 – Ocular Development

Embryologic development of the eye, extraocular muscles, adnexa, and orbit, including genetic regulation of ocular formation.

Fundamentals 03 – Cranial Nerves: Central and Peripheral Connections

Anatomy of the cranial nerves, visual pathways, pupillary and tear reflexes, and associated cerebral circulation.

Fundamentals 02 – The Eye

Structural anatomy of the globe including the cornea, sclera, anterior chamber, uvea, lens, retina, and vitreous.

Fundamentals 01 – Orbit and Ocular Adnexa

Review of orbital anatomy, extraocular muscles, vascular supply, eyelids, and the lacrimal system.

Peds 28 – Pediatric Chronic Eye Care and Low Vision Rehabilitation

Long-term management of chronic pediatric eye disease with emphasis on visual rehabilitation, educational resources, and multidisciplinary care.

Peds 27 – Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Recognition of ocular findings associated with genetic, metabolic, neurologic, rheumatologic, and systemic pediatric diseases.