Hu Said: Cardiology Board Review Series

2026 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

In what settings should you use the H₂FPEF, HFA-PEFF, and HFpEF-ABA scores in the diagnosis of HFpEF? What are HFpEF mimics? What is the difference between OMT and GDMT?

2026 AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure

Why did the 2026 universal definition abandon specific numerical cutoffs for HFrEF and HFpEF? What are the three positive trajectories that can emerge from symptomatic HF

2026 ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guideline

When should apoB be measured? In whom should lipoprotein(a) be measured? Should LDL-C be calculated by the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, or Sampson-NIH equations? How do th

2026 AHA/ACC Acute Pulmonary Embolism Guideline

What is the new 2026 classification for acute pulmonary embolism? What is the respiratory modifier? What category encompasses normotensive shock? What is the difference b

2025 ACC/AHA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Guideline

What right ventricular end-systolic volume should guide timing of pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot? At what pulmonary vascular resistance can closure be

2025 AHA/ACC High Blood Pressure Guideline

What is the new term for hypertensive urgency? When is single-pill combination antihypertensive indicated? Do ACEI/ARB, MRA, and thiazide or potassium-sparing diuretics n

Special Episode: Music of the Heart: Arrhythmias

Can music help us understand cardiac arrhythmias? 🎵💓 In this special podcast episode, I explore how musical notation can be used to visualize and "hear" ECG rhythms, prov

2025 Acute Coronary Syndromes Guideline

Should non-culprit lesions be revascularized in STEMI and NSTEMI? Should revascularization of non-culprit lesions occur in a simultaneous or staged manner? How do these r

11.12 Single Ventricle

In this episode, we review congenital single ventricle, including physiology, surgical repair, and long-term management. What are the different types of univentricular he

11.11 Transposition of the Great Arteries and Truncus Arteriosus

In this episode, we review transposition of the great arteries (TGA), including the physiology, imaging, repair strategies, and potential complications. What is the diffe

11.10 Ebstein’s Anomaly, Double Right Ventricle, Tricuspid Hypoplasia, Pulmonic Hypoplasia

In this episode, we review right side congenital abnormalities, including Ebstein’s anomaly, double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV), tricuspid hypoplasia, and pulmonic h

11.09 Tetralogy of Fallot

In this episode, we review Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), including its pre-repair issues, surgical options, and post-repair complications. What are the four cardinal abnorma

11.08 Coarctation of the Aorta

In this episode, we review coarctation of the aorta (CoA), including its epidemiology, presentation, imaging, and management. Which type of VSD is commonly seen in patien

11.07 Patent Ductus Arteriosus

In this episode, we review the physiology, imaging, and management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). What is the classic murmur of PDA, and how does it change with shunt

11.06 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return, Persistent Left SVC

In this episode, we explore anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR), including its types, associated conditions, and management. What is the difference between total ano

11.05 Atrioventricular Septal Defects

In this episode, we explore atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD), covering its types, physiology, and when to intervene. How do complete, partial, transitional, and int

11.04 Ventricular Septal Defects

In this episode, we review ventricular septal defects (VSDs), including their types, physiology, and management. What are the differences between inlet, outlet, membranou

11.03 Patent Foramen Ovale

In this episode, we review patent foramen ovale (PFO), including its types, physiology, presentation, and when to intervene. How does a PFO differ from an atrial septal d

11.02 Atrial Septal Defects

In this episode, we review atrial septal defects (ASDs), including their types, imaging, and management. What is the difference between secundum defect, primum defect, si

11.01 Congenital Heart Disease Epidemiology, Physiology, Associations

In this episode, we review the epidemiology of congenital heart diseases and develop a framework for categorizing them by cyanotic and non-cyanotic disorders, and go over